Termination of Bankruptcy Procedures and its Effects
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If the bankruptcy estate is insufficient to cover the costs of the bankruptcy procedure after the bankruptcy ruling, the bankruptcy court, either upon the application of the bankruptcy trustee or by its own motion after consulting with the creditors’ meeting, may decide to terminate the bankruptcy (Article 545 of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act). This is referred to as a simultaneous termination, and most cases are terminated in this manner in practice.
Bankruptcy Termination Decision
When the bankruptcy trustee applies for the simultaneous termination, the court convenes a creditors’ meeting to hear opinions regarding the termination and the trustee's final accounting report. After the bankruptcy trustee makes the accounting report at the creditors’ meeting and the meeting concludes, the court will make a bankruptcy termination decision (Article 545 of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act).
Appeal Against Bankruptcy Termination Decision
An immediate appeal can be filed against the bankruptcy termination decision, and the immediate appeal has the effect of suspending enforcement (Article 545, Paragraph 3, and Article 13, Paragraph 3 of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act).
Final Distribution of Bankruptcy Creditors
When the final distribution to bankruptcy creditors has been completed, and the creditors’ meeting for the trustee's final accounting report is concluded, the court will make a decision to terminate the bankruptcy procedure (Article 530 of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act). No immediate appeal can be made against the bankruptcy termination decision, and the bankruptcy procedure is terminated simultaneously with the bankruptcy termination decision.
Effects of the Termination of Bankruptcy Procedures
Once the bankruptcy procedure is concluded, the bankruptcy trustee's duties end, and unless there are remaining assets, the legal personality of the debtor company is extinguished. Bankruptcy creditors are no longer bound by the restrictions of exercising rights through the bankruptcy procedure and are free to exercise their rights. However, even after the bankruptcy procedure is terminated, if there are assets of the debtor corporation that have not yet been liquidated, the bankruptcy claims will not be extinguished, and the creditors may execute compulsory enforcement using the bankruptcy creditors’ list as the basis for enforcement.
Impact on Guarantors and Co-Debtors
Even if the debtor’s legal personality is extinguished, the rights of the bankruptcy creditors regarding the guarantor or other co-debtors who are jointly liable with the debtor company, as well as any collateral provided for the bankruptcy creditors, remain unaffected (Article 548, Paragraph 2, and Article 567 of the Debtor Rehabilitation and Bankruptcy Act). Therefore, the bankruptcy creditor may exercise their rights against the guarantor or co-debtors only for the portion not covered by the distribution in the bankruptcy procedure.
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